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Poa ee a Ly

OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

VOL. XXXV.

PART I.

Nos. I. ro 1V.—1866.

EDITED BY

THE PHILOLOGICAL SECRETARY.

“Tt will flourish, if naturalists, chemists, antiquaries, philologers, and men of science in different parts of Asia, will commit their observations to writing, and send them to the Asiatic Baripty at Calcutta. Tt will languish, if such

CALCUTTA :

PRINTED BY J. WENGER, BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.

1867,

CONTENTS.

EG eur

No. I. (Published 15th June, 1866.)

Outlines of a Plea for the Arabic Element in Official Hindustani. —By J. Beames, Esq., C.S.,

A Translation of the Chapter on Ordeals, from the Vyavahara Mayukha.—By Professor Grorer Biucer, Elphinstone College, Bombay,

Rough Notes on some of the Antiquities i in the Hie District. By W. Peprrx, Esq., — re :

Reiary Intelligence, re des am SA ae

No. II. (Published 31st August, 1866.)

Descriptions of Ancient Remains of Buddhist Monasteries and Temples, and of other buildings, recently discovered in Benares, and its vicinity.—By the Rev. M. A. Suerrina, Tad. B,, and Cuartes Horne, Esq., C. §.,

Assyro-Pseudo- Sesostris.—By Hype CLARKE, "Esq. “Member of the German Oriental Society, of the Society ‘of Northern Antiquaries of Copenhagen, of the Academy of Anatolia, of the Institution of Engineers of Vienna, Local Secretary of the Anthropological Society, ;

Notes on some of the Temples of Kashmir , especially those not described by General A. CunninaHam in his Essay publish- ed in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for September, 1848.—By W. G. Cowrn, Esq., M. A., Chaplain on duty in Kashmir during the summer of 1865,

Remarks on Barbier de Meynard’s edition of Ibn Khord4dbeh and on the Land-tax of the aes of the Teta Se Dr. A. SPRENGER, es soe

Literary Intelligence, ae ose ae ons

No. III. (Published 2nd November, 1866.)

A Notice of the Gaunaka Smriti—By Professor Grorex Bunter, Superintendent of Sanskrit Studies, Punah College, or eet ns “3:

14 49

60

61

87

91

124 147

149

iV Index.

Notes on Atranji Khera or Pi-lo-shan-na of General Cun- NINGHAM, (vide Continuation of Report for 1862-63, No. VIIL page 15.)—By C. Horns, Esq. C. S.,

Notes on some Buddhist Ruins at Doob Koond. —By Captain W. R. Metvitte, in charge, Gwalior Survey, ...

Some Objections to ‘the Modern Style of Official Hindustani.— By F. 8. Growsz, Esq , M. A. Oxon, B.C. S.,

Description of the Chandrarekh4garh near Sashtani, " Per- gunnah oem Zillah MPGDEROES —By W. J. Huerscuzt, Ksq., B. C. 8S

Notes on a Tourin Manbhoom, in 1864- 65. —By Lt.-Col. E. T.

Dauton, Comr, of Chota- Nagpore, Notes on a Copper plate- Inscription from Sambhalpur. —By Ba’su RAsenprasta Mirra, vee sos . Literary Intelligence, _.., ps sp aa

Nor Pye 5 | (Published 6th July, 2. ..,

Notes on the History and Topography of the Ancient Cities of Delhi.—By C. J. Campsett, Hsq., C. E.,

Notes on Pilgrimages in the Countr y of Cashmere. —By Major D. ¥. Newatt, R, A.,

A. Vocabulary of English, Balti and Kashmiri, compiled by H. H. Gopwiy Austen, Capt., H. M.’s 24th "Regt. Assist. Gt. Trigl. Survey,

Notes on Gupta Inser ADORE, from meee ‘and Behar. By Babu RaAsENPRALALA MitRa,. sae

Literary Intelligence, She vee eos eve

SSIS LILA

Page

165 168 172

181 186

195 197

. 199 219

233

268 275

LIST OF PLATES.

Pillared portico at Nair,

Stone figure at Genjun,

Rough Section and Plan of the Koch temple,

Oomga temple, za

Rough Plan of Tilia N ala Vihar Ch: aitya, oon

Buddhist Vihar in the Rajghat Fort,—ceiling, ...

View of Buddhist Vihar in the Rajehat Fort, 5

Buddhist Vihar in the Sy eee Fort, —details of Pillars, ‘-‘h “ne

Bhanyar "Temple, Colonnade,..

Temple at Lidar,

Buddhist Chaitya (ceiling a

Rough Plan of Atranji Khera,

Conch Temple, _... :

Roof of Pandrethan, -

Temple in the lake at Manusbal,

Figure of Sesostris at Ninfi,

Hindu Temple at Chandrarekhagarh,

Plan of the Masjid Kutb ul Islam,

Hlevation and details of ditto,

Map of the sites of the old cities of Delhi,

Facsimiles of Inscriptions on a stone pillar i in the Behar Fort, Sy aa ves

RI IN NII

INDEX TO PART I.

Achulpow, on the Kallee Nudee, visit to, ; AcvaLA’YANA, many passages of the Caunaka Kariké ‘agree with the sutras of, , sae: Adampur Mahalla, ancient mounds in n the,

Adi Bishweshwara, description of,

Adilabad, fort of, : ts

Aprtyas, names of the twelve,

ADITYA Suna,

Adoption, Caunaka’ s Law of,

Adultery and theft, ordeals in cases ‘of,

Ain-i-Akbar Ys extract from the,

Alai Durwaza built by Ala Udin,

Axa’ Upin, description of the site of the entrenchment of,

Ata’ Upin’s extensive improvements of the Kutb Ul Islam, on

Autamsu’s tomb, peculiarities in,

Atyy Hasany’s account of weights,

Amarnath, pilgrimage to,.

Ananpa Swa'Mt, author of S’aiva sudhdkara,

Aphsar and Behar Inscriptions, Notes on, ... oP

Arabic Element in Official Hindustani, a "Plea for the,

Arabic used in the language of law-courts of India,

Arhéi Kangura mosque, description of the,

A'soxa’s pillars, Lat Bhairo one of,

Aureus of Constantinople, Standard of Musulman weights,

AURANGZEBE destroyed the temple where Lat Bhairo stood,

AURANGZEBE’S mosque near Bishweshwara temple,

Austen, Capt. H. H.G., Vocabulary of English, Balti and Kashwniri, aes

Avantiswémi temple, description of the, . om

Avantiswaémi, pillars at,

Bala and Vriddha, defined,

Battis Khambha, description ie

Buames, J., Hsq., Outlines of a Plea for the Arabic Element in Official Hindustani,

Bela, ruins near,

eee eee een

eGo

Vil Index.

Benares, absurdity of deriving the word from Burna and Assi, ———-——. antiquity of, — certain Annals of, : extent of the city of, ne Bhagavati sutra of the Jains, "Dr. Weber's Essay on, Bhaniyar temple, description ‘of the, Bhaumajo temple, description of the, Bina’rt Das, author of the Satsaiy4, Bona Durra, founder of the Boonyar temple, Bondr Rasa, "founder of Rajghaut fort, Budaon Mahalld, small mosque in the, as Buddhist Chaityas, at Rajaghat, ...

origin of Lat Bhairo and Battis Khambhé, ——— Vihar, Rajghat, and cloisters altered by Mahomedans, * Buutzr, Professor G., Translation of the Se on Ordeals

from the Vyavahara M ayukha, :

Notice of the Caunaka Smr iti, Burabur Hills, figures removed to Newree from the, Burna, the boundary of Benares, es Caiva sfidhékar of Ananda Swami, aE Campsett, C. J. Topography of the ancient cities of Delhi, es Canja, a system of Musulman weights, Ca’nta Varma’, ste ae Gee Caunaka Smriti, Contents of the, af re 151, Cantis peculiar to the, : cea. aes more extensive than a Grihyasutra, Laghu and Brihat, Genuineness of the first three verses of the,

doubted, . ’ Caunaka Katka written by. a Vaishnava, ean Chaityas at Rajghat, description of the Buddhist, coe Cuanp, the bard of the last Hindu King of Delhi,. Cuanprak, sent Umr Sing and Beja Sing to the Doob Koond temple, ... ae CHANDRA RAJA’, ae of phe Chane ‘Garh, Chandrarekha Gar h, measurements of the,

Cuaucer, ridiculed for French words, ved Choukhambha mosque, description of the, aes Chullandaraka, gift of the village of, es

Churra, Devélayas at,

CrarKke, Hsq. H. E., On Assyro- Pseudo- Sesostris,..

Cloisters of Buddhist Vihars altered by the Mahomedans, Court-language of the Bengal Presidency unintelligible because it is highly cultivated, iis 5at oa bs ERE Ee heterogeneous origin of the, os gee Cowin, Rev. G. W., On the Temples of Kashmir,... Fae

! , z | 7 :

Index.

Coins, silver Hindu, found at the Atranji Khera,

Cossai, banks of the, colonized by the Srawaks,

Court-language, convenience of the,

_ Cubic measure, Qafyz, ..

Darton, Lieut.-Col. BE. Pi, ‘Tour in Maunbhoom,

Démopara fought with the Hunas,

Dattaka Miménsa quotes clokas from Caunaka,

Delhi at the time of Timur,

——,, chronology of the different, cities of, rs ate

, Various cities of, ave va 214 et

Deokund, ruins near,

Dhulmi, ‘antiquities of,

Droporvs Sicunvs, account of Sesostris by,

Doob koond, repaired by Pandu and his brothers,

Drubgama temple, description of the, ;

Durjankari-panchanana of Rangachari Swami,

Dyamun, description of temples at, ...

Egyptian measure, the Irdabb,

English language, foreign elements in the,

Hunuchs, how to be judged,

Fire, ordeals by,

Firuzdbdd, city of,

Futtehgurh, description of the temple at, My “eh

Garbhalambhana, rules of, given in the Gaunaka Smriti and the Rig Veda Grihya sutra,

Gaya, antiquities of, . ak

Genjun, ruins near,

Geography of Ibn Khordabeh,

Growsr F. §., Hsq., Objections ‘to the modern style of official

205 eee

Hindustani, Gulzar Hahaila, Maqdum sahib in the, ; GUPTAS, probable connexion of the, w ith Lat Bhairo, of Aphsar, — of Bhitari ruled in Behar, Hariri and Muhammad, languages of, Hasuxa Gupra, Hellenes observed Iberian Mythology, Heroportvs’s account of the expedition of Sesostris, Herscuzt, W. J., Esq., Chandra-rekha-garh,. Himyaritic dialects spoken by troops of Yaman, Hindi current in Akbar’s Court, — and foreign words compared, ‘ee — different kinds of,

Hindustani benefited more by Semitic than ‘by Indian ele- ments,

eee eee cee

3 official, Se 3 oh

opesdx’ s notice of the affinity between the Caucasian and the | Himalayan Valleys,

ee eae . tee

x Index,

Page

Horn, C., Esq., Atranji Khera or Pilushanna, 2h ec 165 —_— Buddhist remains in Benares, ... Shak 61

Isn Batutd’s travels, translation of, gies ebpiged - ohh Inn KuorpaBeEH, MSS. of, Be mo LG Inscription, copper- plate, from Sambalpur, ‘translation Ole. ADE — on Alamgir’s Masjid, a om 77 Inscriptions, Major Dixon’s Sanscrit and Canarese, + selec 60 —— -——— from Aphsar, ee wis aie ok WAFS = 9. Sekar: tk sha ite site: E+ Jahanpanah, Citadel of, ‘ga a “vs sus LS Jain origin of the Bishweshwar me a wit ott 81 JIVITA Gupta, a nee vovitiias. 268 QopaMma’s account of the Sayad revenue, bs ron SG Karika, the original work of Gaunaka, a air ey hed Kasuyapa, the “< Ocean” desiccated D5) bias Sad raced KArvdvana, works of Gaunaka known to, ... series! 0 4D Kausika Gotra, Brahmans of the, we ik edith eh OG Kavya Prakas’a of Mahesa Chandra, Pe coenine, aes) AE Kirta Bisheshwar temple and Alamgir mosque, oe bis 77 Kispa, ruins near, =o 4 ie ie te 52 Kohil, temple at, ... ee “a8 ee gray REG Konch, ruins near, ae cee ose wae fed 53 Kona Devi’, as ae. a eg sae (268 Krisona Gupta, ee an e fo a Kuma’ra Gupta, ek ae wits viel Bo Kunamoh, temples at, a mA ate Seat, nea Kutb Minar, description of, ae ais SE Kutb Minar ascribed to Ananga Pal, 9 3 wh jh ember OE Kutb ul Islam, description of, . wad aig a ee Lalkote, description Oly at, “cue igh = o-niet agate 4M MID Lall Mahal, remains of, . me 217 Language of the Arabs ‘corrupted by Mahomedan conquest, i. 9 Lanka, description of tempie on the island of, ... 111 et seq. Lat Bhairo Buddhist Vihar, oth rr ScitaneE. 73 —_-—— Mahomedan Cemetry, i re Bie 74 LIndar, temples at, stelle 97 Lingam, measurement of the, at t Atranji Khera, & ee] Oe (RE Lomasa Rishi, cave of, ... ae te ince GORE 51 MapHava Gupra, are eed baie = vas 268 Maha Devi, .... dive site edt pba GR Mana Supee Rasa’s grant of land, rus nthe gage eS Maud Sena Gureta, save i sou gal ~~ 268 Ménava Dharmas’Astra notices Caunaka, ae dn RHE 49 Manasbal, description of the temples of,.. vai AO aanebaegs Magdum Sahsb, remains of Buddhist chaitya at, iene 71 Martand, description of the middle chamber in, ... sos - 218

pillars at, compared with those of Bhaumajo, ale 93 Maruts, names of the seven, ... a wid Veal 31

—

Index. xl

Page

Matris, names of the seven, ... ce ee aie 3 Masha, ordeals by hot, ... a ae belitrcnes 45 Maushari, site of, not "determined, wan 208 Menviie, Capt. W. R, Buddhist ruins of Doob Khund, dani OS Mrra Sauep’s tomb near Tilia N ala, sei ee 71 Mithqal weights, ... 5 af =i). vine (426 Mogqaddasy, editor of, ... oes sigs jah ee Months suited for ordeals in gener aie se 17 Nagari characters abandoned on the adoption of Persian dialect, 177 Nair, ruins near, ... ie ve 50 Narain Suan, description of the temple of, we unt awe skees Newa t, Major D. F., Pilgrimages in Kashmir, AK h ieee eRe Newree, ‘figures near the village Of, . as sme 49 Nigumbode, temple of, ... ; ‘ae ee eer Nirnaya-sindhu alludes to Caunaka, j se REG Nowg1, Sri Buddha and Chinamusta, temples dedicated BB yctxcase oe Lote Oaths may be administered to both parties in an ordeal, .... 16 Offerings, burnt, in ordeals, _— gat) awe 33 Omar I. sent Othman to survey Babylonia, seb ie ws Oomga temple, description of the, ... 58

Ordeals, papers on, by Ali Tbrahim Khan, Professor Stenzler

and Mr. Macnaghten, 14 to be applied where human evidence fails, ae 1 (Lae S 14 immediate and mediate, ... ace atts 14 invocation common to all, ane ans oo. 20, 22 Pacheta, Raja of, Ga ane siandhi\seana. ( LOM Padinapore, pilgrimage of, — te eae ey: | Palee, ruins near, ee ee 50 Pandit, (the) a monthly journal started at Benares, aus a hbet Pandrethan, description Of, . ... . one ons das, ALS pilgrimage to, nae Peart ee: — Lidar temple copy of that at, Bi ~~ 99 Panjabi Dictionary examined, She dati, oyslte Péathin Sugandhegwara, description of temples at, . fata (ELS Payach and Lidar drains compared... P cou ee 98 Peppn, W. Esq. Antiquities of Gya, vr sis 49 Persian, the effects of the abolition of, in law- courts, Mii coal gee Ploughshare, ordeals by, oes dade fe ive AT Poison, ordeals by, we ees <4 se » a 43 Premsagtir, the language of, ... sAaliaRverwigds: winch he PRINsEP’s ground plan of the Bisheshar temple, di oe. 81 Putra Sangraha vidhi, text and translation of the, Kicidaen ) AY

Ra/sENDRALA’LA Mirra, Babu, Shambhalpur Inscription, be vealOS

—— Gupta Inscriptions from ame and Behar, ... ‘ee vids he 261 Rajghat fort, key of Benares, ba xa pty 64 Ramayana’ 8 aecudad of the Kols, #3 Sed 193 et seq.

Ranga’ cna’ rt Swa’ mi, author of Durjana Kari Panchanana,... 147

Xll Index.

Rig Veda, Mantras quoted in the Gaunaka Karika from the, . 154 Ritter doubted the Egyptian character of the monument of

Sesostris, a ts ues ae 88 Rudras, name of the eleven, 31 Sabhabilisa, the only Persian word in the, i is the name of

the writer, sats wae BS eee ane Sambhalpur and Sarabhapura, identity of, ie oon 6 (398 Sanaka taldo, stone pillars at, iE. 84 SANKARA GAURESWARA, description of temple at, se. Ho 4S Sankshepa Sankara Jaya, edition of, 195 Sanscrit, Greek, German, Latin, and English words compared, . 5 Sanscrit manuscripts of the Royal Asiatic Society, ae oy 60 Sarabhapura, conquered by Maha Sudeva raja, __... nae OS Sarap, Serab, Serak, or Srawak, earliest Aryan colonists, ... 186 Sarnath encompassed by Benares, ro 63 Sarvéntkramani, an account of the writers ‘of the Rig Veda

Caunaka, fs y gay | ESD Sasanian king J obad, revenue of the Sawd4d under him, ea Se Sawad, revenue of the, according to Qodama, wv » DSGY > eb eeg. Scales, ordeals by, suited to women, ... in Si 16

— ordeals of, directions for, ... Bi 23 ~—s et: seq. Seasons for special ordeals, ... ee we ys Semitic language, endogenous character of ‘the, sao ee 4 SESOSTRIS, images of, En A= = 88 ———— monument of, near Ninf, oe fee, 87 Shahjehanabad, city of, ae bate or pee) SS Shahpur, fort of, ab bo | VE Shahpur ruins, age of the, determined, a Hf ce aS SHERRING, Rev. J, Buddhist remains at Benares, | me 61 Silver standard in Persia, ac ae oe ee 8 Scrr, description of, : dager, 62206 Son, an only, not to be given away ¢ or r adopted, i 163 SPRENGER, Dr. A., Ibn Khordabeb and land-tax of the

Khalyis, Lx ee Square measure of the Arabs not much known, ef Re Srawaka settlements broken up by Hos and Lurka Coles, <42..° 86 Suxsuma Siva, ... a ree. woo theo Takt-0- -Sulimani, description of, #5 is eee ED Tapoban, Rama, ‘halted at, ae, Bace sat ER Tp Tewan, description of a temple at, wi Ne ieee ki! Timira Nasaka of Babu Siva Prasad, +e Os Ae) Trendaraka, Savabhapura in the district of, or ety SS 0) TULSI Dasa, ft we : 2 epee Deel Tourauar Krran’s invasion ‘discussed, _ “He EP He aie, Urdu authors, age of the, 2 , ae 74. Urdu compared with languages of modern ‘Europe, + fig ee 1 Urdu and Hindi, distinction between, not recognised, veer TO

Vadivivadabhanjana, edition of, ... a ae ee oe

Index,

Vapya eaves, boulders close by, as his ey Viwrama'pityA, the raj of Pat Kote claims descent from, ... VIsHNU, Avatars of, ar ote) pou. Vyavahara mayukha permits a widow to adopt a son,

- authorities quoted in the, ... 15 Wangat, description of the temples at, ... at 10 Water, ordeals by, Ps she eee Weights and measures of the Arabs, remarks on, 125

Weights, grain, of different kinds, among the Mussulmans, Widow, the right of a Hindu, to adopt a son,. i

Ya’sNAVALKYA’s vyavasthé for heavy accusations, owe

Yoga Aphorisms, Mr. Cowell’s edition of hacker i ves

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JOURNAL

OF THE

SeplATIC.. SOCIETY.

gi Part L—HISTORY, LITERATURE, &.

No. I.—1866.

—_—~

Outlines of a Plea for the Arabic Element in Official Hindustant,—By J. Beames, Esq., C. 8.

[Received 17th April, 1865. ]

It is the fashion at present to lavish a good deal of abuse on the language generally employed in our law courts in this country.

This unfortunate variety of human speech is condemned as_barbar- ous, a medley of heterogeneous elements, a pedantic, clumsy, unintelli- gible jargon, and the rest. After seven years’ daily experience and use of it, I venture to take up the cudgels in its behalf. I consider it as the most progressive and civilized form of the great and widespread ‘language of the horde.’’ Not only is it compendious, eloquent, ex- pressive and copious, but it is the only form in which the legitimate development of the speech of the Gangetic tribes could show itself. Those who condemn it, in a spirit of short-sighted pedantry and affec- tation, must, if they are prepared to abide by the logical consequences of their opinion, condemn also those languages of modern Kurope, which, by virtue of following the same course as the Urdt, have suc- ceeded in overstepping the narrow limits of their birth-places, and becoming the common property of half the world. To object to the | free use in Hindustani of words derived from Arabic and Persian, is as absurd as to object to, the free use of Latin and Greek derivatives in English. As a merchant, by skilful trading with borrowed capital,

1

2 The Arabic Element in Official Hindustani. [No. 1,

may become a millionaire, so English by readily borrowing and mak- ing good use of its borrowed stores, has raised itself from an obscure low German patois to the most extensively used medium of commu- nication between distant countries.

I. The parallel between English with its Teutonic and Latin elements, and Urdi with its Sanskrit and Semitic components, is no newly dis- covered thing. It has been used again and again, with more or less learning, to help us to deplore the iniquities of our omla and mukhtdrs.

The comparison, however, cuts both ways. It may perhaps help us to find something to admire in the phraseology of a rubakdri or the cunningly woven sentences of a pleading.

First then, of English. English is a dialect, as every one knows, of Plate-Deutsch, allied to the Hoch-Deutsch, the tongue of Géethe and Schiller, by the ties of a common descent from the early Gothic, the sister of Sanskrit. It has been brought into contact with many other forms of speech, some closely, others remotely, akin to it. Celtic of Scotland and Wales; Scandinavian of Norway and Denmark; Latin; Norman French, a blending of the two last named; early French, the Frankish struggling still against the Latin element; Latin again, barbarized by monks and lawyers; French again, from the wars of the Henries and Edwards; Spanish, from the Elizabethan wars, bring- ing with it a substratum of Moorish Arabic; French again, of Racine and Moliere in the days of the degraded Stuart kings, from the court of the “ Grand Monarque;”’ Dutch with William of “glorious, pious and immortal memory;”’ finally a sprinkling of Turkish, Persian and Russian from our travellers, and many words from Latin which crept in in a roundabout way from time to time through our neighbours the French avid Italians. )

All these elements skilfully worked up, patiently pieced together, carefully incorporated into the solid Knglish groundwork, have com- posed the bright, varied and harmonious mosaic of our modern mother- tongue.

There were doubtless pedants and grumblers ready to find fault at each stage of growth in English. The Saxon clod of the time of the Conqueror objected to the terms ‘beef,’ ‘veal,’ ‘ pork,’ ‘mutton,’ which were then supplanting his pure English ‘ox,’ ‘ calf,’ ‘ pig’ and

1866. ] The Arabic Element in Official Hindustan. 3

‘sheep.’ Chaucer’s introduction of French words into his poems won for him the ridicule of his contemporaries. But in spite of ridicule and learned objectors, the language assimilated these foreign words and profited by the process.

The German on the other hand has absorbed very little of the Latin or other foreign elements.

It has endeavoured to meet the wants of civilization and progress by combinations of indigenous words, rather than by borrowing: In other words it has done what our purists wish the Hindustani to do. The result is known to every one. Great as are the expressiveness and power of composition of the German language, its usefulness as a practical, working, every-day speech is far below that of English or any other European language. We have only, for instance, to compare a few German words with their English equivalents to see where lies the flexibility, expression, and delicacy of sentiment.

“ Gefangenschaft” (literally ‘catch-hold-ship’) would scarcely be felt as an advantageous change for ‘custody.’ Use might reconcile us to “* Begripship,” but ‘ custody’ means more than mere holding fast.

Vergnuegsam (‘ For-enough-some’) is but a barbarous substitute for “contented,” which latter gives us the idea of being contained and se- cure in certain limits;—while the former is a barren enunciation of merely having enough. Not to mention the unpleasantly harsh colli- sion of consonants.

Verurtheilung, sentence. Here the English word is far the more manageable than the clumsy circumlocution of “ fore-out-telling” or * parting.”

Vervollkommen. ‘To complete” is again better than ‘ To fore- full-come.”

Wiederaufleben, revival, ‘das wiederaufleben der Gelehrsamkeit (the again-up-living of be-lore-some-hood) is rather a roundabout substitute for the neat and concise English, ‘‘the revival of learning.’’

| Wiederherstellungsmittel. Here is a nice morsel for throat and teeth.

It looks very alarming, but only means ‘a restorative,” and the English word gives the meaning quite as fully as the monstrous Ger- man compound. Wieder = re ; herstellung = stor (stauz) ’s; mittel = ative.

Zusammenberufen, to convoke.

4 The Arabic Element in Official Hiudustant. [No. 1,

Zuriickziehen, to retract, withdraw; ‘‘ withdraw’ is formed from our own Teutonic stores.

The fact is that in making compound words, the English has the advantage of using the short and expressive Latin prefixes, pro, re, con, per, im; whereas the German, rejecting these commodious foreigners, has to fall back on the unwieldy natives; Wieder, zusam- men, zurtick, wider, heraus, &c. The result is that its compounds are of uncomfortable length, and are rather circumlocutions than direct expressions of the idea involved.

Turning now to Hindustani for Teutonic, let us put Indian as ex- pressing the class of languages from which the old Hindi Bhashas are derived and for Latin or Romance let us put Semitic. Then the pro- position I would maintain stands thus: The Hindustani language meets the requirements of civilization better by borrowing freely from Semitic sources than by forming words and compounds from Indian sources.

To borrow a metaphor from Botany, the Semitic languages are en- dogenous, the Indo-Germanic exogenous. The former grow by addi- tions from within, the latter by accretions from without.

Accretions, it is evident, are limited solely by their power of adher- ing to the original trunk. Or perhaps it would be better to say accre- tions may be multiplied up to the sustaining limit of the parent stem.

Endogenous growth on the other hand is limited by the space it can squeeze out for itself in the enczente of the older formations. With a strong parent stem like German or Sanskrit, accretive compounds may be formed almost without limit. Sanskrit thinks nothing of a twenty- syllabled compound, and a word like ‘ herausbekommen’ is as nothing to German organs. In Arabic, and Hebrew, on the contrary there is the triliteral root, which may be made to evolve many dozens of new words, but all within the limits of the three radical letters aided by a handful of serviles. The result is that the Semitic languages can ex- press more in a small compass than the Indo-Germanic can, A pre- fixed alif or mem will often have as much power as ‘ con’ ‘ pro’ ‘ re? or half a dozen Latin or Greek words strung together; thus eon nazara to see, the simple lengthening of a vowel gives us “ nazir,’ a word, the technical and ordinary meaning of which, cannot be ex- pressed in any Indo-Germanic language without a compound. e. g.

1866. ] The Arabic Element in Official Hindustant. 5

1. Sanskrit, Adhyaksha.

. Upadrishta. Adhikdri. Avekshitd, all compounded with a preposition.

Greek, Epistatés.

Latin, Inspector.

German, Awfseher, Inspektor.

5. English, Overseer, Inspector.

Illustrations may be multiplied by any one who possesses a few dic- tionaries. To be able to express ideas of a complex nature by short and simple words is an undeniable advantage. When a language has two or more sources from which it can draw, native sources giving it only long cumbrous compounds, foreign ones giving it neat and conve- nient uncompounded words, it is only natural that the latter should be chosen. The Bengali, like the German, has chosen to trust to its Indian resources; and the result is a collection of ‘ sesquipedalia verba”’ of the most alarming description, and what is more to the pur- pose in these practical days, it is yielding visibly to the more progres- sive Hindustani. j

On the score of convenience then I defend the present court lan- guage. If we look at the historical question again, we find good rea- son for the use of foreign words. Hindi is in its origin Sanskrit, with a substratum of Turanian elements, the extent and exact direction of whose influence has never been fully worked out. I believe it to be much greater than is usually supposed. The language thus constitut- ed, was brought into contact with fresh Turanian influences through the Mogul invasions. In the same manner Persian, Pushtoo and Arabic were brought to bear-on it. The point of contact was western Hindustan and the Punjab, but gradually the foreign influence pene- trated the whole country. It must be remembered also, that along with an influx of foreign languages came an entire change in the civil and religious organization of the country. Whole provinces were converted to a religion whose most sacred duties can be expressed only in Arabic. Offices were created on the model of those in Cabul and Persia. Systems were introduced which had long flourished in Central Asia among the Mantchus and the Kirghis.

Hence a large importation of foreign words in religion, government,

re

6 The Arabic Element in Official Hindustant. [No. 1,

arms and art, which ended in the establishment of the Urdd or camp language, a language destined advisedly for the palace, the court, the camp, the market. Its father the Hindi, its mother the Arabic, it borrows freely from both its parents.

Up to this point most men will agree with me that the free use of Arabic and Persian is defensible both on the grounds of the origin of the language as well as of convenience,

The two great accusations brought against the language, however, are ; first, that the Arabic and Persian words are used in an incorrect, garbled and distorted way, and secondly, that the language itself is unintelligible to the mass of the people. I proceed to discuss these objections a little more in detail.

II. First, then it is asserted that the use of Arabic and Persian words in the way they are employed by native officials is mere pedan- try ; that the words are used in wrong’ senses and often utterly mis- applied, that participles are used as nouns, nouns as verbs and so on.

Now this may mean either that munshi Arabic is incorrect according to the rules of grammar of the times of the Kuran; or that it is wrong according to the usages of the modern colloquial and written Arabic.— If the former of these two theories is advanced, I meet it by a simple and positive denial of its truth. A few examples may be taken as tests.

Ashkhds. The Arabic shakhs, of which this is the legitimate and regular plural, means, literally separation, or the distinguishing of one thing from another; or more strictly, the act or condition of being separate and distinct. Shakhs is therefore the exact equivalent of the English word ‘‘ individual,” a word which is good modern English enough; and ashkhds, signifying the persons or individuals concerned in a lawsuit, is therefore a more accurate word than the Hindi log ; which really means, ‘‘ the world,’ or the collected body of human beings, and is quite out of place in designating a special class or num- ber of people.

Mudda’i, from da’a, he called.

(Freytag—vocavit, advocavit, provocavit,) is the regularly formed active participle of the 8th conjugation, and literally and exactly means a claimant or prosecutor; “‘ Arrogans vel sili vindicans rem contra aliquem ;” and is therefore a more expressive word than ‘badi,”

, ¥ b 3 x

1866.] The Arabic Element in Oficial Hindustani. T

which simply means a speaker ; or “ firiyadi” which, besides being a foreign word, means literally one who cries out, a weeper, lamenter ; which a plaintiff often is not.

Mudda’é ’alayhi, literally ‘‘the complained against him,” or “he who is complained against ;’ being the passive participle of mudda’/, with the preposition and pronominal affix ’alayhi. Pratibdédi, “ he who speaks back again”’ is far less comprehensive.

Hasbw ttafsilvlzayli, ‘‘ according to the specification below’’ is good and grammatical Arabic, and in its Persianized form “ hasb-z tafsil zayl’”’ gives a neat and convenient official formula for the roundabout Hindi “jaisé ki nichhe likhd hud har,’ which cannot be formed into a compound adjective or otherwise manipulated.

?

Inkizd, “ completion,” is the regular verbal noun of the seventh conjugation of the verb kazdya the original meaning of which, as I have elsewhere shewn, is “‘ cutting off, finishing, defining, decreeing,” the word is used frequently in pure Arabic in the same sense.

’ is correct

Bad inkizd-t mohlat, “after the expiry of the term,’ enough, and almost incapable of being tersely expressed in Hindi without recourse to some half obsolete word of Sanskrit origin.

Bi muktazd ; according to; in the phrase, ‘‘ b¢ muktazd rat ’addlat,” “according to the opinion of the court,” the root kazdya in the eighth conjugation, has the sense of deciding. The expression bi muktaza, is used in Arabic authors as the equivalent of “ secundum” “ad.” I should be glad if some of our critics would express this phrase in modern Hindi in terms equally neat, and as generally intelligible.

Inkishaf ; rstiswab ; intizdm ; ikbdl ; are further instances of words - which may be found in Arabic and Persian classics in the same sense as they bear in Hindustani. It is useless to multiply instances, were I to give half of the words used correctly by our Munshis I should have to write a volume, not an essay.

To turn next to words which are used by Hindustani writers in a sense different from their classical usage, also words which are not found at all in the classics ; we find them tolerably numerous, and they form in fact the chief stumbling-blocks to the purists. The word “istimz4j” for instance is not found in good Arabic or in those Persian authors who use Arabic words. The root ‘mazaja’ means he mized, and the noun ‘“ mizaj”’ implies ‘ mixture’ and is used for that mixture

8 The Arabic Element in Official Hindustani. [No. 1,

of feelings and passions which constitutes the temperament of a human being; in other words, his ‘disposition.’ Jstemzdj is used by our Hindustani writers to signify, ‘“‘ wishing to know what the sentiments of a person (mizaj) are on a certain point,” 7. e., asking for permission. In other words, the noun mzzd7 is taken as the root from which a sort of denominative verb in the tenth conjugation is formed zstamzdja, and from this again a regular verbal noun zstimzdj is formed. Now I ad- mit that such a process is not found to exist in Arabic with regard to this verb, but such a process is found with regard to other words ; and we do not know enough of the state of the various dialects of Arabic in the thirteenth century to be able to affirm that such a word may not have been used in some of them; and that it may not have been brought into India by some of the ‘‘ mixed multitude,” who accom- panied the earlier Musalmaén invaders. We have no right to suppose that those writers who, three or four centuries ago, created the Urddé tongue, borrowed their Arabic solely from the classical dialect of the Kuran. So far was the Kuran from being written in the ordinary colloquial style, that we know Muhammad himself was in the habit of pointing to it as one of his greatest miracles, and that the unapproach- able purity ef its diction is to the present day a subject of admiration to all the faithful. The conversazione of Hariri again, from which so many of our European scholars draw their ideas of Arabic, is a profess- edly pedantic work, and it is never pretended that the ordinary Arab of the period talked in such elaborate strains. Wemust seek for the origin of many of our modern Indo-Arabic words in the language of the lower class of which, to this day, we know next to nothing. That the language of the towns even in Muhammad’s time had lost much of its early purity is shewn, inter alza, by the customs of the townsmen.. of sending their children into the desert to learn from the mouths of the Badawin the unadulterated tongue. The prophet himself:is said,

in this way, to have spent some years among the tribe of Saad a branch of the Kuraysh.

After the death of Muhammad the decay of the spoken language was very rapid. One of the latest and best authorities on this sub- ject says; ‘‘ Every language without a written literature tends to decay more than to development by reason of foreign influences; and the history of the Arabic exhibits an instance of decay remarkably rapid

-

1866.] The Arabie Element in Official Hindustant. 9

and extraordinary in degree. An immediate consequence of the foreign conquests achieved by the Arabs under Muhammad’s first four successors, was an extensive corruption of their language: for the nations that they subdued were naturally obliged to adopt, in a great measure, the speech of the conquerors, aspeech which few persons have. ever acquired in such a degree as to be secure from the commission of frequent errors in grammar, without learning it from infancy. These nations, therefore, and the Arabs dwelling among them, con- curred in forming a simplified dialect, chiefly by neglecting to observe those inflections and grammatical rules which constitute the greatest difficulty of the classical Arabic.” (Lane’s Arabic Dictionary. Pre- face ; p. vii. London, 1863.)

The inference I draw from the above remarks is, that we have no right to compare the Arabic used in modern Hindustani with the Arabic of classical writers, and to condemn it, if it does not agree with theirs. Still less have we any right to compare it with the elaborate Arabic of the grammarians. The Indo-Arabic of the present day is the legitimate descendant of the Arabic brought into India by the early conquerors, and we may safely give them credit for having spoken their own language correctly, even though that language was not pre-